Key Questions
How has Hinduism shaped India?
How are Buddhism and Hinduism alike and different?
What impact did Mogul rule have on India?
What impact did British rule have on India?
What impact did Gandhi have on India?
What challenges does India face today?
Key Concepts
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Hinduism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Buddhism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Islam
Mogul Rule in India
British Rule in India
Impact of M.K. Gandhi on India
Challenges facing India today
India: Land, Legend, Language
I. Land
A. India is one of 8 countries in South Asia
Consisting of: India, Sri Lanka, Burma/Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, The Maldives, Bangladesh
South Asia is part of the South Asian Subcontinent
B. Between South Asia and East Asia are the 9 countries of S.E. Asia also called Indochina (between India and China)
C. 4 Rivers dominate the landscape of South Asia + S.E. Asia
1. Indus River---Pakistan, Northern part of India
2. Ganges River---South of Nepal
3. Brahmaputra River---North of Nepal
4. Mekong---Southeast Asia
II. Legend A. Myth: India is a poor agricultural community
Reality: Some of India is agricultural. They have a productive agricultural economy. It is a urban vs. rural society. Tourism is important to the economy. And they have high technology industries.
-Tea
-Coffee
-Peanuts
-Textiles
-Rubber
B. Myth: India is a land of religious freaks and fanatics
Reality: Less than 1% of the population is very religious.
III. Language
A. Most educated Indians are bilingual, speaking the colonial language (British English) and one of 15 Indian languages
B. Hindi is spoken in several North Indian states while elsewhere in India when you cross a state border, you encounter a new language
Ancient India: Emergence of Two Great Religions in the Great River Valleys
I. Two Generalizations about Hinduism
A. The Four “Manys”
1. Many Scriptures: Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagrad Gita
2. Many Lives: Samsara - Reincarnation
3. Many Paths: Three Primary Margas (Karma, Jnana, Bhakti)
4. Many Gods: Hindu sages see the gods as manifestations of Brahman (Polytheism)
B. One Central Truth
Atman = Brahman
Tat Tvam Asi
II. The Theology of Hinduism
A. Atman
individual soul
* B. Brahman
everything organic in the universe including atmans
universal soul. everything came from brahman.
difficult to differentiate between brahman and atman.
relationship between atman and brahman can be seen in the analogies of honey, salt water and rivers.
C. Maya
illusion (the whole world is maya).
the soul wants to go back to Brahman.
following dharma in this life helps the soul get to the next level.
D. Moksha and Nirvana
nirvana- freedom from samsara
atman returns to Brahma
moksha- release
follow dharma to get good karma, you go to moksha which takes you to nirvana
if you have a perfect life you soul is released to Brahma
E. Karma
cause and affect ex: good things that you do in your previous life will affect your new life in a good way
dharma affects karma. one's duty is determined by caste and role in life.
not following caste dharma is bad karma.
F. Samsara
cycle= birth-life-death-rebirth
death releases the soul into the cycle of reincarnation
G. Trimurti:
tri - 3
murti: Deities/gods
Brahma
Brahma- main God, creator
Vishnu with 10 Avatars
sustainer, keeps balance between good and evil
10 avatars - incarnation
10 forms to keep evil and good in balance
Shiva
destroyer
actions lead to destruction
III. Ethics of Hinduism
A. Jnana - Way of Knowledge
~Teachers
~Priests
~Scholars B. Bhakti – Way of Devotion
~Worship Gods C. Karma – Way of Works
~Idea of Moral Cause IV. Liturgy of Hinduism
Temples of India
A. Jnana Yoga: Study Scriptures + Pursue Yoga
B. Bhakti Yoga: Pujas to a God + Meditation
C. Karma Yoga: Dharmas are Caste Specific
V. Caste in India
A. Two Explanations
1. Religious (What Hindus Say)
Follow dharma, have good karma and you will be reborn into a higher caste.
2. Sociological/Historical
When Europeans invaded they set up a sociological sytem with them on top and the darkest natives on the bottom. The system stayed in place even when invaders left.
Caste Determines 4 major things:
Occupation- you work the job your parents worked
Diet- the Brahmin(highest caste)eat the best food while the lower castes starve
Marriage- you marry within your caste. A daughter can move up into a higher caste through marriage
Social Life- High caste and low castes don't interact socially. B. Status of Caste
1. Illegal-Result of Constitution of 1950
2. Still practiced in rural areas
3. Quotas in government schools and businesses for untouchables C. Defense of Caste by Hindus
Caste provides stability and structure to life so why change it. VI. Buddhism: Buddha’s Protest against Hinduism A. Life of the Siddhartha Gautama --- “The Buddha” at #7
1. Birth-
Immaculate conception(elephant in her dream impregnated her...)
father's prophecy (he was to be a conquerer or a redeemer)
2. Sheltered Youth-
His father didn't let him out of the house because he was "protecting" him form the suffering of the world
had the "perfect life"
3. Four Sights-
He goes into town and sees an old man(exposure to extreme age), a sick man(exposure to sickness and suffering), a corpse(exposure to death)and a holy man.
The holy man makes him realize that that is what he must do.
you suffer in between birth and death (protest samsara)
4. The Great Renunciation-
He leaves his family in the night and no one knows that he is leaving
goes to the woods to meditate
5. Career as Ascetic-
Ascetic:religous hermit.
He renounced all his possesions and lived in the woods alone as a hermit.
devotion is the only way to end suffering
people come to meditate with him
decides he shouldn't be ascetic or materialistic- FIND A BALANCE.
6. Temptation by Mara
taunts him with food and women
7. Enlightenment under the Bo Tree
after not falling for Mara's temptations, he becomes enlightened.
8. Sermon of the Turning of the Wheel of Law
9. Forty-Year Teaching Career
10. Death B. Theology of Buddhism 1. Four Noble Truths
a. All of life is Dukkha (suffering)
b. The cause of Dukkha is Tanha (desire)
c. The way to overcome Dukkha is to stop Tanha
d. To stop Tanha one must follow the Middle Way --- also called the Noble Eightfold Way
2. Concepts of Samsara, Karma, Dharma, and Nirvana from Hinduism
a. samsara- can be broken in one life
b. dharma- be good, better yourself
c. karma- be good to end suffering in THIS life
d. nirvana- bliss, no suffering
3. New Concepts of No-Soul ( = An-atman)and Impermanence (= Anitya)
You control your destiny. *MY PLACE IN THIS WORLD IS DETIRMINED BY MY RELATIONSHIP WITH YOU.*
C. Ethics of Buddha
1. Noble Eightfold Way or Path (Middle Way or Path)
2. Three Parts: Wisdom (1 and 2 Pages 29-30 in Unit Packet), Conduct (3,4,5 and 6), Meditation (7 and 8)
3. In Buddhism, you have control. D. Liturgy of Buddhism: Different emphasis in different branches (See page 35 in Unit Packet)
Theravada (Arhat) v. Mahayana (Bodhisattva)- see p. 35
1. Theravada
a. SE Asia
b. Buddha = human (role model and teacher)
c. it's your job to find nirvana
d. layman- focus on right speech, conduct, and occupation and give food to the monks
e. monks- shave heads and beg for food, meditation
f. set on fire in protest of Vietnam war
2. Mahayana
a. China and Japan
b. Buddha = a god (deification and monotheistic)
c. depend on Buddha or Bodhisattva (saints) for nirvana
d. pray at temple
e. believe in heaven or hell
f. pray to Buddha and Bodhisattva (saints) E. Impact of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire
Emperor Ashoka- Hindu warrior king, opposite of Buddha, boasted about kills. One day Ashoka was walking through the battle field and saw the dead men's faces. He wondered if the people he killed were people's fathers or future doctors. So he left Hinduism and converted to Buddhism. 1. Conversion to Buddhism
a. can't handle his dharma (to kill)
b. after a horrible battle, sees faces of dead men, asks himself if they're someone's father, son, or husband. 2. Spread Buddhism (and infastructure)
a. Supervised building of temples, monasteries, stupas
b. Sent missionaries abroad 3. Constantine is to Christianity what Ashoka was to Buddhism
Period B: India 0 to 1500: Religions in Transition I. Golden Age of Hinduism
A. Golden Age of Temple Building during Gupta Empire
1. Didn't emphasize caste system.
2. Lots of temples were built
B. Absorption of Buddhism (Buddha is Avatar of Vishnu)
II. Arrival of Islam from Arabia Where Muhammad Started It
A. State Religion of the Delhi Sultanate with Hindu Converts
B. Active Attack on Hinduism and Buddhism.
C. Muhammed inspires the spread of Islam to India
III. Disappearance of Buddhism in India
A. To China (Tibet and Yangtze River Valley) and Japan (Mahayana Buddhism)
B. To Nepal and Bhutan (Mahayana Buddhism)
C. To Sri Lanka (Theravada Buddhism)
D. To S.E. Asia (Theravada Buddhism)
Differences between Islam and Hinduism:
Hinduism
Islam
-Pantheistic (belief in one god that takes many forms)
-The world is illusional
-reincarnation
-deliverance from life
-No consumption of any meat
-Seperation between religion and government
-belief in caste system
-idol worship
-dance and music in worship (not as strict)
-Monotheistic (belief in one god)
-Real world
-1 life
-actions accountable to Allah
-No consumption of pork
-No separation between religion and government
-everyone is equal
-no idol worship
-no dance and music in worship
Comparing:
Comparing
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Theology
-Monotheistic
-God created the world in 6 days
-Heaven/Hell
See Unit Packet #3
pg. 18
4 noble truths
siddharther who
became buddha is onyly man
-monothesism-allah
-25 phrophets ending with muhammad
-judgement day with heaven and hell
Ethics
-Follow the 10 commandments at all times
Three paths/choices:
1.Way of knowledge
2.Way of devotion
3.Way of works
follow 8 step program
noble 8foldpath
broken into 3 paths
1. wisdon-understanding
2. conduct is speech, action
and career
3.meditation
5 pilars
-recite the creed
-pray 5x daily
-give charity
-fast during month of ramadad
-make hajj to mecca once in lifetime
1.Study and do yoga
2. Pujas in temples
3. Observe Dharma of caste
ordinary people do 1st 2
monks complete number 3
-daily worship on prayer rug
-weekly worship in mosque
Islam A.Theology-
monotheistic
Allah is the one and only god
25 prophets- last prophet: Muhammad (received the word of god and wrote it down- prophet and messenger) B. Ethics- 5 pillars
1. Shahadah --- Creed
There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger
2. Prayer – Five Times a Day Facing the Kaaba in Mecca (Salat)
Friday is group worship
3. Charity. Sharing Wealth with the Poor (Zakat)
everyone gives a certain percentage of their money to the poor
if one cannot give, give in kindness (even a smile is considered zakat)
4. Fasting during Daylight during Month of Ramadan
5. Hajj (Journey) to Mecca
Each Muslim must make this journey once in his or her lifetime
C. Liturgy-Islam Two major Branches
1. Sunnis- Sunni wanted Abu to take care of Muhammed
Original
Majority
Only acknowledge scriptures
2. Shi'ites- Wanted Ali to take care of Muhammed
Followers of Ali
Minority
Followers of Scripture and Imams
Period C: Moguls, Maharaja(h)s, and Merchants
I. Moguls from Turkey Invade and Conquer India A. Great Builders/Architects 1. Forts- Old Fort in New Delhi 2. Mosques 3. Tombs: TajMahal
-Shah Jahan built it
-Most visited place in India
-Built it in dedication to second wife, Mumtaz
-It took 20,000 workers and 22 years to build it
-Has much symmetry
-Shah Jahan had the hands of the workers cut off, killed the architects so no other monument could match it.
4. Model Cities: FatehpurSikri
B. Great Leaders Who Promoted Islam
Babur --- The Founder of the Dynasty
George Washington of the Mogul Empire
Akbar --- The Most Famous + Benevolent
-Was 13 years old
-Tolerant
-Created the civil service
-Created provinces
Shah Jahan --- The Builder of the TajMahal
-Son of Akbar
-He and his son marked the decline of the Mogul empire II. Maharaja(h)s A. Great Princes Ruling Since Period A with Kingdoms Varying in Size B. Relations with Moguls
-Stronger maharajahs rebelled against the Muguls, but weak ones cooperated so they could gain power
-With Akbar the relations were good because he ruled the Maharajas' states as if they were provinces; they had complete autonomy, they only had to pay a tax to him so the Maharajas didn't mind. (alliances) C. Diversity among Maharajas
1. Extravagant Eccentrics
-Treated the treasury lke their own personal pocketbook to pay for ridiculous expenses of their own lavish lifestyles
-Ex. dog wedding, biiiig palaces, etc.\
-were most often NOT benevolent administrators
2. Petty Despots
-Gave friends and family the best jobs
-used all of the money for themselves
-kicked out all opposition
-often had secret police
3. Benevolent Administrators
-Made infrastructure (built schools, hospitals, roads, etc.) III. Merchants from Great Britain -At first they just wanted to trade
-Wanted to explore
-Wanted to spread Christianity
-Traded weapons and manufactured goods for spices, gold, silk, tea, and cotton
-To make this clear: THE MERCHANTS WANTED TO MAKE MONEY, NOT CONTROL INDIA.
A. British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C. B. 7 Years War:British Merchants v. French Merchants 1.“Black Hole of Calcutta” when british merchant were lokced up in a doungeon and left there to die- was used as a motivator for the British government to step in and lend BEIC weapons and soldiers, and as a war cry.
2.Battle of Plassey-
Period D:Indian History in the 19th Century:The Sepoy Mutiny and British Raj I. The Sepoy Mutiny (British name) or First War of Indian Independence (Indian name) in the Summer of 1857 A.Cause- Insensitivity and Ethnocentrism... The casings for the bullets were made of pork and beef which was a problem for both the Muslim and Hindu soldiers hired by Great Britain. Lines were drawn between the soldiers and the British because the British refused to change the bullets.
B.Conflict 1.Remember Cawnpore- The Indians chased a group of British families into a home and massacred the women and children- made the Indians look bad 2.Revenge at Lucknow- British shot down the mutiny at Lucknow, tied some "ring leaders" to cannons
C.Consequences 1.BEIC stripped of its charger because they couldn’t keep the peace in India. 2.India becomes a colony of Great Britain. II. The Beginning of the British Raj A. Queen Victoria (1837-1901)- Queen of India ruling from Britain. B. Viceroy is British Parliament’s representative in India- Colonial ruler in India- carries out the will of the Queen and Parliament. C.I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service)- Huge bureaucracy with the white, Britains with the managerial jobs and the employed Indians doing the labor- set up infrastructure, police stations, etc. III. Evaluating British Rule A. Case of Sir Mohan Lal B. Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”- in defense of colonialism, said it was the white man's duty to "save" the dark skinned people by bringing them civilization C. Poem by an unknown Indian- objection to colonialism, refers to British people as "locusts" taking everything and leave nothing D. “Sword of Sugar”- "tough love" it will be hard but you will benefit from it afterwards, justification for colonialism IV. Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Life Begins A.“Blundering Boy”-went against religion -continuously made mistakes -smoked -stole -was a "bad" kid in school -attempted to commit suicide -socially awkward B.Trip to U.K. to Study Law- wanted to become a lawyer C.Satyagraha Begins in British South Africa 1.Why Gandhi in British South Africa 2.Incident on the Train- Gandhi had a first class ticket -denied access to the front of the train because of skin color - refused to move and was kicked off of train 3.Civil Disobedience against Pass Book-accepted punishment Period E:“Indian History in 20th Century: Gandhi’s Crusades” I.Gandhi's Goals (“Ends”) A. Independence of India from Great Britain -every nation=sovereign B. Improvement of the lives of poor Indians-violence=neglect -the way society treats the poor is violent and unacceptable C. Integration of Hindus and Moslems in one country D. End to caste and untouchables- according to Gandhi all groups were equal -tried to find similarities II.Gandhi’s Method Called Satyagraha (“Means”)- truth seeker A.Definition- Satyagraha is the journey of truth, or soul force- a way to pursue change non-aggressively in order to change unjusticies -cause=must be true and substantial/important and big
-cannot hate
-willing to accept any and all punishment in persuit of goals/cannot be violent B.How Implemented 1.Livlng on Ashram(commune)-living in equality 2.Hartal=strike -gandhi convinced people to strike as form of non-violent protest
-remained at home and thought about change, meditated, or fasted 3.Boycott of English goods -refusing to buy British goods 4.Fasting -to get the British to stop oppressing the Indians 5.Spinning -manufacturing own clothes - didnt provide british with money 6.Parades/Marches -Public assemblies -example of soul force III.Campaign in Champaran A.Issue -british were bossing around Indian's, still had to pay them B.Gandhi’s Response -DID NOTHING and got arrested when he came C.Significance -lowered rent, commission for grievences, choice of crops, could defeat british peacefully- brithish got worried IV.Crusade against Continuation of Rowlatt Acts after WWI A.Issue -ID: fingerprints, arrestpeople on suspicion no congregation, curfews B.Gandhi’s Response -HARTAL: no one goes to work C.Significance -amristar+ charchaura, campaign ended V.The Salt March A.Issue G.B has a monopoly on salt, and Indian's rely on salt because it helps body store water (because of hot temperature and dry land,) keeps food preserved
It also gives bland foods more flavor. B.Gandhi’s Response 1) He makes a 240 mile trek to the sea and makes salt; illegally 2) He believes that the salt belongs to everyone because it is the "Indian Ocean 3) This simple action encouraged others to make their own salt, and soon there were "salt markets" popping up. C.Significance VI.Gandhi Wins Independence, but Fails to Stop Partition A.Factors Contributing to Indian Independence 1.WWII Bankrupts Britain 2.Gandhi’s Crusades 3.USA + USSR as Champions of Nationalism
1. Dominion of Pakistan created on 14 August 1947. Became world's first Islamic Republic in 1956. New city of Islamabad replaced Karachi as capital in the mid 1960s2. British India was made up of provinces, princely states and state agencies. An independent Union of India was created on 15 August 1947 and renamed the Republic of India in 19503.Punjab was split in two. Majority Muslim western part became Pakistan's Punjab province; majority Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state4.Bengal divided into Indian state of West Bengal and East Pakistan, which became East Bengal in 1956 and Bangladesh achieved independence after a civil war in 1971 ||
1.Gandhi’s View Worst thing possible, breakup of country he worked to unify 2.Jinnah’s View
He was getting a muslim country because hindus and Muslims didn’t work together, the Muslims were afraid of discrimination from the hindus. 3.British Decision
They allowed for the partition to happen due to the fact that they were bankrupt and to disagree would lead to theyre involvement, which they could not risk with their lack of money.
World Civilizations: 21st century Challenges Facing India
U.S. Role in Region Unclear
1.
2.
3. How would the internal political destablization of Pakistan affect the U.S. war on terror?
A country that supports the US would become unstable making it hard for the US to track down terrorists within the country and the rise in terrorist activity would provoke an attack from India.
Key Questions
How has Hinduism shaped India?
How are Buddhism and Hinduism alike and different?
What impact did Mogul rule have on India?
What impact did British rule have on India?
What impact did Gandhi have on India?
What challenges does India face today?
Key Concepts
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Hinduism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Buddhism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Islam
Mogul Rule in India
British Rule in India
Impact of M.K. Gandhi on India
Challenges facing India today
India: Land, Legend, Language
I. Land
A. India is one of 8 countries in South Asia
- Consisting of: India, Sri Lanka, Burma/Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, The Maldives, Bangladesh
- South Asia is part of the South Asian Subcontinent
B. Between South Asia and East Asia are the 9 countries of S.E. Asia also called Indochina (between India and China)C. 4 Rivers dominate the landscape of South Asia + S.E. Asia
1. Indus River---Pakistan, Northern part of India
2. Ganges River---South of Nepal
3. Brahmaputra River---North of Nepal
4. Mekong---Southeast Asia
II. Legend
A. Myth: India is a poor agricultural community
Reality: Some of India is agricultural. They have a productive agricultural economy. It is a urban vs. rural society. Tourism is important to the economy. And they have high technology industries.
-Tea
-Coffee
-Peanuts
-Textiles
-Rubber
B. Myth: India is a land of religious freaks and fanatics
Reality: Less than 1% of the population is very religious.
III. Language
A. Most educated Indians are bilingual, speaking the colonial language (British English) and one of 15 Indian languages
B. Hindi is spoken in several North Indian states while elsewhere in India when you cross a state border, you encounter a new language
Ancient India: Emergence of Two Great Religions in the Great River Valleys
I. Two Generalizations about Hinduism
A. The Four “Manys”
1. Many Scriptures: Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagrad Gita
2. Many Lives: Samsara - Reincarnation
3. Many Paths: Three Primary Margas (Karma, Jnana, Bhakti)
4. Many Gods: Hindu sages see the gods as manifestations of Brahman (Polytheism)
B. One Central Truth
Atman = Brahman
Tat Tvam Asi
II. The Theology of Hinduism
A. Atman
- individual soul
*B. Brahman
C. Maya
D. Moksha and Nirvana
- nirvana- freedom from samsara
- atman returns to Brahma
- moksha- release
- follow dharma to get good karma, you go to moksha which takes you to nirvana
- if you have a perfect life you soul is released to Brahma
E. KarmaF. Samsara
G. Trimurti:
- tri - 3
- murti: Deities/gods
BrahmaVishnu with 10 Avatars
Shiva
III. Ethics of Hinduism
A. Jnana - Way of Knowledge
~Teachers
~Priests
~Scholars
B. Bhakti – Way of Devotion
~Worship Gods
C. Karma – Way of Works
~Idea of Moral Cause
IV. Liturgy of Hinduism
Temples of India
A. Jnana Yoga: Study Scriptures + Pursue Yoga
B. Bhakti Yoga: Pujas to a God + Meditation
C. Karma Yoga: Dharmas are Caste Specific
V. Caste in India
A. Two Explanations
1. Religious (What Hindus Say)
Follow dharma, have good karma and you will be reborn into a higher caste.
2. Sociological/Historical
When Europeans invaded they set up a sociological sytem with them on top and the darkest natives on the bottom. The system stayed in place even when invaders left.
Caste Determines 4 major things:
Occupation- you work the job your parents worked
Diet- the Brahmin(highest caste)eat the best food while the lower castes starve
Marriage- you marry within your caste. A daughter can move up into a higher caste through marriage
Social Life- High caste and low castes don't interact socially.
B. Status of Caste
1. Illegal-Result of Constitution of 1950
2. Still practiced in rural areas
3. Quotas in government schools and businesses for untouchables
C. Defense of Caste by Hindus
Caste provides stability and structure to life so why change it.
VI. Buddhism: Buddha’s Protest against Hinduism
A. Life of the Siddhartha Gautama --- “The Buddha” at #7
1. Birth-
- Immaculate conception(elephant in her dream impregnated her...)
- father's prophecy (he was to be a conquerer or a redeemer)
2. Sheltered Youth-- His father didn't let him out of the house because he was "protecting" him form the suffering of the world
- had the "perfect life"
3. Four Sights-- He goes into town and sees an old man(exposure to extreme age), a sick man(exposure to sickness and suffering), a corpse(exposure to death)and a holy man.
- The holy man makes him realize that that is what he must do.
- you suffer in between birth and death (protest samsara)
4. The Great Renunciation-- He leaves his family in the night and no one knows that he is leaving
- goes to the woods to meditate
5. Career as Ascetic-- Ascetic:religous hermit.
- He renounced all his possesions and lived in the woods alone as a hermit.
- devotion is the only way to end suffering
- people come to meditate with him
- decides he shouldn't be ascetic or materialistic- FIND A BALANCE.
6. Temptation by Mara7. Enlightenment under the Bo Tree
8. Sermon of the Turning of the Wheel of Law
9. Forty-Year Teaching Career
10. Death
B. Theology of Buddhism
1. Four Noble Truths
a. All of life is Dukkha (suffering)
b. The cause of Dukkha is Tanha (desire)
c. The way to overcome Dukkha is to stop Tanha
d. To stop Tanha one must follow the Middle Way --- also called the Noble Eightfold Way
2. Concepts of Samsara, Karma, Dharma, and Nirvana from Hinduism
a. samsara- can be broken in one life
b. dharma- be good, better yourself
c. karma- be good to end suffering in THIS life
d. nirvana- bliss, no suffering
3. New Concepts of No-Soul ( = An-atman)and Impermanence (= Anitya)
You control your destiny.
*MY PLACE IN THIS WORLD IS DETIRMINED BY MY RELATIONSHIP WITH YOU.*
C. Ethics of Buddha
1. Noble Eightfold Way or Path (Middle Way or Path)
2. Three Parts: Wisdom (1 and 2 Pages 29-30 in Unit Packet), Conduct (3,4,5 and 6), Meditation (7 and 8)
3. In Buddhism, you have control.
D. Liturgy of Buddhism: Different emphasis in different branches (See page 35 in Unit Packet)
Theravada (Arhat) v. Mahayana (Bodhisattva)- see p. 35
1. Theravada
a. SE Asia
b. Buddha = human (role model and teacher)
c. it's your job to find nirvana
d. layman- focus on right speech, conduct, and occupation and give food to the monks
e. monks- shave heads and beg for food, meditation
f. set on fire in protest of Vietnam war
2. Mahayana
a. China and Japan
b. Buddha = a god (deification and monotheistic)
c. depend on Buddha or Bodhisattva (saints) for nirvana
d. pray at temple
e. believe in heaven or hell
f. pray to Buddha and Bodhisattva (saints)
E. Impact of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire
Emperor Ashoka- Hindu warrior king, opposite of Buddha, boasted about kills. One day Ashoka was walking through the battle field and saw the dead men's faces. He wondered if the people he killed were people's fathers or future doctors. So he left Hinduism and converted to Buddhism.
1. Conversion to Buddhism
a. can't handle his dharma (to kill)
b. after a horrible battle, sees faces of dead men, asks himself if they're someone's father, son, or husband.
2. Spread Buddhism (and infastructure)
a. Supervised building of temples, monasteries, stupas
b. Sent missionaries abroad
3. Constantine is to Christianity what Ashoka was to Buddhism
Period B: India 0 to 1500: Religions in Transition
I. Golden Age of Hinduism
A. Golden Age of Temple Building during Gupta Empire
1. Didn't emphasize caste system.
2. Lots of temples were built
B. Absorption of Buddhism (Buddha is Avatar of Vishnu)
II. Arrival of Islam from Arabia Where Muhammad Started It
A. State Religion of the Delhi Sultanate with Hindu Converts
B. Active Attack on Hinduism and Buddhism.
C. Muhammed inspires the spread of Islam to India
III. Disappearance of Buddhism in India
A. To China (Tibet and Yangtze River Valley) and Japan (Mahayana Buddhism)
B. To Nepal and Bhutan (Mahayana Buddhism)
C. To Sri Lanka (Theravada Buddhism)
D. To S.E. Asia (Theravada Buddhism)
Differences between Islam and Hinduism:
-The world is illusional
-reincarnation
-deliverance from life
-No consumption of any meat
-Seperation between religion and government
-belief in caste system
-idol worship
-dance and music in worship (not as strict)
-Real world
-1 life
-actions accountable to Allah
-No consumption of pork
-No separation between religion and government
-everyone is equal
-no idol worship
-no dance and music in worship
Comparing:
-God created the world in 6 days
-Heaven/Hell
pg. 18
siddharther who
became buddha is onyly man
-25 phrophets ending with muhammad
-judgement day with heaven and hell
1.Way of knowledge
2.Way of devotion
3.Way of works
noble 8foldpath
broken into 3 paths
1. wisdon-understanding
2. conduct is speech, action
and career
3.meditation
-recite the creed
-pray 5x daily
-give charity
-fast during month of ramadad
-make hajj to mecca once in lifetime
-Prayer, Hymns, Sermons, Readings, Holy Communion
2. Pujas in temples
3. Observe Dharma of caste
monks complete number 3
-weekly worship in mosque
Islam
A.Theology-
monotheistic
Allah is the one and only god
25 prophets- last prophet: Muhammad (received the word of god and wrote it down- prophet and messenger)
B. Ethics- 5 pillars
1. Shahadah --- Creed
There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger
2. Prayer – Five Times a Day Facing the Kaaba in Mecca (Salat)
Friday is group worship
3. Charity. Sharing Wealth with the Poor (Zakat)
everyone gives a certain percentage of their money to the poor
if one cannot give, give in kindness (even a smile is considered zakat)
4. Fasting during Daylight during Month of Ramadan
5. Hajj (Journey) to Mecca
Each Muslim must make this journey once in his or her lifetime
C. Liturgy-Islam Two major Branches
1. Sunnis- Sunni wanted Abu to take care of Muhammed
Original
Majority
Only acknowledge scriptures
2. Shi'ites- Wanted Ali to take care of Muhammed
Followers of Ali
Minority
Followers of Scripture and Imams
Period C: Moguls, Maharaja(h)s, and Merchants
I. Moguls from Turkey Invade and Conquer India
A. Great Builders/Architects
1. Forts- Old Fort in New Delhi
2. Mosques
3. Tombs: Taj Mahal
-Shah Jahan built it
-Most visited place in India
-Built it in dedication to second wife, Mumtaz
-It took 20,000 workers and 22 years to build it
-Has much symmetry
-Shah Jahan had the hands of the workers cut off, killed the architects so no other monument could match it.
4. Model Cities: Fatehpur Sikri
B. Great Leaders Who Promoted Islam
Babur --- The Founder of the Dynasty
George Washington of the Mogul Empire
Akbar --- The Most Famous + Benevolent
-Was 13 years old
-Tolerant
-Created the civil service
-Created provinces
Shah Jahan --- The Builder of the Taj Mahal
-Son of Akbar
-He and his son marked the decline of the Mogul empire
II. Maharaja(h)s
A. Great Princes Ruling Since Period A with Kingdoms Varying in Size
B. Relations with Moguls
-Stronger maharajahs rebelled against the Muguls, but weak ones cooperated so they could gain power
-With Akbar the relations were good because he ruled the Maharajas' states as if they were provinces; they had complete autonomy, they only had to pay a tax to him so the Maharajas didn't mind.
(alliances)
C. Diversity among Maharajas
1. Extravagant Eccentrics
-Treated the treasury lke their own personal pocketbook to pay for ridiculous expenses of their own lavish lifestyles
-Ex. dog wedding, biiiig palaces, etc.\
-were most often NOT benevolent administrators
2. Petty Despots
-Gave friends and family the best jobs
-used all of the money for themselves
-kicked out all opposition
-often had secret police
3. Benevolent Administrators
-Made infrastructure (built schools, hospitals, roads, etc.)
III. Merchants from Great Britain
-At first they just wanted to trade
-Wanted to explore
-Wanted to spread Christianity
-Traded weapons and manufactured goods for spices, gold, silk, tea, and cotton
-To make this clear: THE MERCHANTS WANTED TO MAKE MONEY, NOT CONTROL INDIA.
A. British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C.
B. 7 Years War: British Merchants v. French Merchants
1. “Black Hole of Calcutta”
when british merchant were lokced up in a doungeon and left there to die- was used as a motivator for the British government to step in and lend BEIC weapons and soldiers, and as a war cry.
2. Battle of Plassey-
Period D: Indian History in the 19th Century: The Sepoy Mutiny and British Raj
I. The Sepoy Mutiny (British name) or First War of Indian Independence (Indian name) in the Summer of 1857
A. Cause- Insensitivity and Ethnocentrism... The casings for the bullets were made of pork and beef which was a problem for both the Muslim and Hindu soldiers hired by Great Britain. Lines were drawn between the soldiers and the British because the British refused to change the bullets.
B. Conflict
1. Remember Cawnpore- The Indians chased a group of British families into a home and massacred the women and children- made the Indians look bad
2. Revenge at Lucknow- British shot down the mutiny at Lucknow, tied some "ring leaders" to cannons
C. Consequences
1. BEIC stripped of its charger because they couldn’t keep the peace in India.
2. India becomes a colony of Great Britain.
II. The Beginning of the British Raj
A. Queen Victoria (1837-1901)- Queen of India ruling from Britain.
B. Viceroy is British Parliament’s representative in India- Colonial ruler in India- carries out the will of the Queen and Parliament.
C. I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service)- Huge bureaucracy with the white, Britains with the managerial jobs and the employed Indians doing the labor- set up infrastructure, police stations, etc.
III. Evaluating British Rule
A. Case of Sir Mohan Lal
B. Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”- in defense of colonialism, said it was the white man's duty to "save" the dark skinned people by bringing them civilization
C. Poem by an unknown Indian- objection to colonialism, refers to British people as "locusts" taking everything and leave nothing
D. “Sword of Sugar”- "tough love" it will be hard but you will benefit from it afterwards, justification for colonialism
IV. Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Life Begins
A. “Blundering Boy”-went against religion -continuously made mistakes -smoked -stole -was a "bad" kid in school -attempted to commit suicide -socially awkward
B. Trip to U.K. to Study Law- wanted to become a lawyer
C. Satyagraha Begins in British South Africa
1. Why Gandhi in British South Africa
2. Incident on the Train- Gandhi had a first class ticket -denied access to the front of the train because of skin color - refused to move and was kicked off of train
3. Civil Disobedience against Pass Book-accepted punishment
Period E: “Indian History in 20th Century: Gandhi’s Crusades”
I. Gandhi's Goals (“Ends”)
A. Independence of India from Great Britain -every nation=sovereign
B. Improvement of the lives of poor Indians-violence=neglect -the way society treats the poor is violent and unacceptable
C. Integration of Hindus and Moslems in one country
D. End to caste and untouchables- according to Gandhi all groups were equal -tried to find similarities
II. Gandhi’s Method Called Satyagraha (“Means”)- truth seeker
A. Definition- Satyagraha is the journey of truth, or soul force- a way to pursue change non-aggressively in order to change unjusticies
-cause=must be true and substantial/important and big
-cannot hate
-willing to accept any and all punishment in persuit of goals/cannot be violent
B. How Implemented
1. Livlng on Ashram(commune)-living in equality
2. Hartal=strike
-gandhi convinced people to strike as form of non-violent protest
-remained at home and thought about change, meditated, or fasted
3. Boycott of English goods -refusing to buy British goods
4. Fasting -to get the British to stop oppressing the Indians
5. Spinning -manufacturing own clothes
- didnt provide british with money
6. Parades/Marches -Public assemblies -example of soul force
III. Campaign in Champaran
A. Issue
-british were bossing around Indian's, still had to pay them
B. Gandhi’s Response
-DID NOTHING and got arrested when he came
C. Significance
-lowered rent, commission for grievences, choice of crops, could defeat british peacefully- brithish got worried
IV. Crusade against Continuation of Rowlatt Acts after WWI
A. Issue
-ID: fingerprints, arrestpeople on suspicion no congregation, curfews
B. Gandhi’s Response
-HARTAL: no one goes to work
C. Significance
-amristar+ charchaura, campaign ended
V. The Salt March
A. Issue
G.B has a monopoly on salt, and Indian's rely on salt because it helps body store water (because of hot temperature and dry land,)
keeps food preserved
It also gives bland foods more flavor.
B. Gandhi’s Response
1) He makes a 240 mile trek to the sea and makes salt; illegally
2) He believes that the salt belongs to everyone because it is the "Indian Ocean
3) This simple action encouraged others to make their own salt, and soon there were "salt markets" popping up.
C. Significance
VI. Gandhi Wins Independence, but Fails to Stop Partition
A. Factors Contributing to Indian Independence
1. WWII Bankrupts Britain
2. Gandhi’s Crusades
3. USA + USSR as Champions of Nationalism
B. The Debate over Partition
1. Gandhi’s View
Worst thing possible, breakup of country he worked to unify
2. Jinnah’s View
He was getting a muslim country because hindus and Muslims didn’t work together, the Muslims were afraid of discrimination from the hindus.
3. British Decision
They allowed for the partition to happen due to the fact that they were bankrupt and to disagree would lead to theyre involvement, which they could not risk with their lack of money.
World Civilizations: 21st century Challenges Facing India
U.S. Role in Region Unclear
1.
2.
3. How would the internal political destablization of Pakistan affect the U.S. war on terror?
A country that supports the US would become unstable making it hard for the US to track down terrorists within the country and the rise in terrorist activity would provoke an attack from India.